Pigments as a class are colored materials that are insoluble in their medium of application. As a result, they cannot penetrate or become readily fixed to a fiber and must be "locked" onto the fiber surface by use of a polymeric adhesive binder that encapsulates and holds the pigment onto the fibers. Pigments include inorganic salts, insoluble azo or vat dyes, toners, lakes, metallic complexes, and organ metallic complexes. Some binders are preformed water-insoluble polymers applied from solvents or as emulsions, whereas others are water-soluble or emulsifiable polymers which can be chemically crosslinked and insolubilized after application by drying and heating. The pigment binder systems tend to stiffen textiles, and have moderate to poor fastness, since they are surface treatments.
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