Dyes as colored unsaturated organic molecules must have affinity for fibers to be effectively applied. The dye s on fibers are physically bound to the fiber by one or more physical forces including hydrogen bonding, vander Waals, or ionic forces and in certain cases chemically bound by covalent bonds. Dyes may be classified in a number of ways, including color, intended use, trade name, chemical constitution, and basis of application. Of these classification methods, chemical constitution and basis of application have been mo st widely used. Chemical constitution indicates the major chromophoreS present in the dye but does not indicate more than such structural aspects of the dye. A classification scheme for dyes has been developed and evolved for use by dyers which is based on the method of application and to a lesser degree on the chemical constitution of the dye class. The classification scheme and major dye classes are outline below.
| Dyes Containing Anionic Functional Groups | Dyes Requiring Chemical Reaction before Application |
| Acid dyes | Vat dyes |
| Direct dyes | Azoic dyes |
| Direct dyes | Sulfur dyes |
| Mordant dyes | |
| Reactive dyes | |
| Dyes Containing Cationic Groups | Special Colorant Classes |
| Basic dyes | Disperse dyes |
| | Solvent dyes |
| | Pigments |
| | Natural dyes |
Dyes classified by this scheme are assigned standard designations according to dye class, color, and overall constitution by the Society of
Dyers and Colorists in the Color Index (e.g" Acid Blue 141, Vat Green 17,
Disperse Red 17).
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